Odysseus and Gawain Temptations Essay

Sir Gawain is a noble knight of the Round Table who faced the consequences of accepting a challenge from a â€Å"Green Knight†. In order to find a solution to his problem, Sir Gawain ventured into an adventure full of tests and temptations. On the other hand, Odysseus is a legendary Greek king, ruler of Ithaca, and Homer’s epic hero. Odysseus and his men experienced one of their greatest adventures on their way home to Ithaca. Their journey back home was troubled and filled with obstacles and temptations. Sir Gawain and Odysseus, two great men of their respective stories, fought against almost the same temptations. More particularly, these male protagonists fought against the temptations and sexual prowess of women. Despite being great men of their caliber, they still became victims to the charm and alluring beauty of their antagonists. However, their varied personality, convictions and approaches or intensity of desires created the difference in the outcome for these two epic protagonists. The core theme in the poem â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†, translated by Marie Borroff, illustrates the tests which measured Sir Gawain’s compliance to the code of chivalry. Sir Gawain had to face temptations or tests of moral virtue; archetypal temptation fable that can be greatly observed in this medieval literature. The hardest temptation which he had to deal with was the temptation of his mistress. During the hunt, the hunter looks and hunts the deer to serve as a staple of diet or a food to satisfy an individual. Corresponding, the Lord’s wife is the hunter and she considers and looks at Sir Gawain as an art. She tells him, â€Å"be with me as you will (and) I am well content† (Borroff, 1215). The lady â€Å"hunts† Sir Gawain based on her carnal desire by making an utterly sexual temptation over Sir Gawain. In addition to this, she says â€Å"for I surrender myself and sue for grace and that is best, I believe and behooves me now† (Borroff, 1216-1217). In this manner, Sir Gawain is viewed as a deer from the eyes of a hunter, or in the eyes of his Lady. Another temptation includes the law of chivalry and the rule or conception about courtly love which Sir Gawain had to honor. In respect to this rule, Sir Gawain had to show great reverence to his Lady and follow or do whatever his Lady wishes of him. Sir Gawain made a promise to his host that he would give whatever he receives or achieves in a particular day. On that same day, the damsel tempts Sir Gawain and gives him a girdle. Due to this incident, a dilemma arises where Sir Gawain must keep it or give gift it to the host. Fearing death, Sir Gawain dealt with it by hiding the girdle and fulfilling his duties by honoring the lady’s demands. However, this caused him to break the promise he made with his host. Ultimately, Sir Gawain finds out that the â€Å"Green Knight† is actually his host. Sir Gawain tried his best in making a good decision or outcome and endeavored in attaining his objective. However, he was not successful in becoming virtuous. Ultimately, Gawain’s weakness resulted to his downfall and made him feel that he had lost his honor, as well as his duties. On the other hand, the main theme in Odyssey, particularly in the adventures of Odysseus is the discussion of his nostos which was delayed because of the actions of Ajax. Again, in the story of Odysseus or generally in Odyssey, the female characters serve as symbols of temptation. Calypso, a nymph, had a tremendous sex appeal which caught Odysseus into her arms, preventing him from continuing his journey home. Sexual prowess, instead of brute force, was used in order to make Odysseus stay. He was only released due to the intervention of Zeus. Aside from Calypso, there was Circe who was also a female trickster. Circe fooled Odysseus’s men and turned them into swine by drugging their beer. The drug didn’t work for Odysseus, so instead, she used her charm and lured Odysseus into her bed. In this part, bodily temptation was used against Odysseus, who in return gives in. Consequently, their journey home was delayed for another year. After being released and on their journey home, Odysseus and his men was able to meet another archetype of female temptation namely the Sirens. The Sirens captivated Odysseus with their enchanting and very attractive songs. Again, Odysseus gives in to the temptation making him mad with desire. Odysseus’ men helped him in fighting the Siren’s charm and temptations by tying him to the ship rail. Without the help of his men, Odysseus might have already died for crashing his ship on the rocks. However, unlike Sir Gawain, Odysseus’s strong conviction of going home made him stay on his track. Despite being enchanted by Calypso to make him love her, he only shared his tears. Moreover, despite being bribed with sex and attractive women, his heart still beats and yearns for home. Lastly, the love which he felt for his wife Penelope, made him stronger and more fervent to go home. Due to this difference, it can be said that the yearning heart of Odysseus is kept safe from the tainted hands of those alluring and tempting seductresses. In addition to this, because of these differences as well as the manner of how they dealt with their problem, regardless of being two great hero seduced with the same, ironically, these male protagonists experienced different results.

Phytomining †Pros and Cons Essay

Phytomining describes the production of a metal crop by using high-biomass plants, which are plants that produce energy or a usable resource when burnt. Phytominers cultivate crops of a specific plant species with high concentrations of a desired metal, harvest the plant and deliver it to a furnace to burn and gather its bio-ore. As a potential alternative to environmentally destructive mining practices, phytomining has great promise to transform the way metals are extracted from the environment; however, phytomining has yet to produce metal yields that would begin to satisfy global demand. Environmental Considerations It is generally accepted that phytomining is greener than conventional mining practices. In environments with metal-contaminated soil, phytominers can recollect metal pollutants from the soil, thereby restoring the soil to health. Still, growingmass amounts of plants also takes a toll on the land used for cultivation. Industrial farming practices deplete the soil and overgrowing biocrops has the potential to permanently alter an area’s ecology. Economic Viability If the scale of production is large enough, phytomining could become a cheaper alternative to excavation, but large-scale harvesting of plants with concentrations of metal is currently more costly than extracting metals from mines. In the future, as metal prices rise and the yields from mines deplete, this could change. The shortage of metal from mines and persistent demand for metal by industry would offset the costs of initiating large-scale phytomining farm production. Growing Conditions Phytomining’s success is subject to the forces of nature. Unlike traditional excavation, phytomining is dependent on growing conditions such as the weather, altitude and soil quality. A bad growing season could wipe out an entire crop of metal-producing plants, and if global climate change alters weather patterns, the risks associated with establishing a long-term phytomining industry in an area increase. Other Considerations As with any new industry, much is unknown about the long-term effects of phytomining. For example, with a limited amount of good farming land available, what land use would be displaced to make room for a phtyomining industry? Researchers will also need to examine the effect of having metal-enhanced plants entering the food chain over time. They will also need to determine if it is possible to prevent metal runoff from the plants from entering the local water supply.

Interview With Manager Essay

Throughout the essay, the managers will be referred to as Mr X and Mr Y and their company’s will be referred to as Company X and Company Y respectively due to confidential reasons. The first manager that was interviewed in order to fulfil this task was Mr X. He works for Company X, which is, a large service based organisation at the position of ‘Head of Corporate Credit Administration.’ His key responsibility at this bank is to provide credit administration support to Corporate, Investment banking and SME business. Within Company X’s hierarchy Mr X appears to be a middle level manager at he is expected to report to the CEO of the company while he also supervises. The second interview that was conducted for this task was with Mr Y. He is a Creative Marketing Director at Company Y which is a marketing consultancy and IT development enterprise located in Malaysia. His organisation is also service based; however, it is a medium sized one. As a top level manager , Mr Y’s task is to direct and oversee the overall projects and ensure that they are carried out as planned and are successful. Management is the process of coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2012). In the subsequent essay, the universality of management will be discussed in light of Fayol’s four functions and Katz’s three skills and how relevant these theories appear while analysing the information gathered from the interviews. Henri Fayol proposed that that all managers perform five functions: planning, organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2012). During the course of the essay, however, the emphasis will remain on the four functions: planning, organising, leading and controlling. A skill is the ability either to perform some specific behavioral task or the ability to perform some specific cognitive process that is functionally related to some particular task (Peterson, 2004). For the purpose of this task Katz’s skills will be related to the interviews collected. Namely these are: Conceptual, Human and Technical skills. Mr. X is involved in a moderate amount of planning as he defines the credit policies fo r the corporate portfolio. Moreover, he has to cascade the defined goals to individual job levels and monitors them closely for accomplishment. In his organization, high achievers are often rewarded with awards and cash bonuses which serve as a motivation. Reports are also  compiled frequently to monitor portfolio behavior and to make sure that customer’s expectations at various occasions are fulfilled. At the same time, he is also expected to be able to work with various other departments to ensure smooth transactional processing. These tasks of Mr. X relate to the organizing function of Fayol, that is, the providing of everything essential in performing a particular task i.e. the right equipment and tools with right people and right amount of capital (Fayol, 1949, as cited in Lamond, 1998). It is not enough to just organize the employees and assign them jobs to perform. But what is more important is to know that which employee is specialized in which job (best suited for a particular task) and assign them jobs accordingly (Fayol, 1949, as cited in Lamond, 1998). Mr. X’s interview conveys that he is the most involved in leading, organizing and controlling with a moderate amount of planning. All this is in line with the existing theories of what a middle level manager ought to do. However, he has rated controlling as ‘4’ which is rather high for a middle level manager. Theory says that a middle-level manager is only expected to contribute 14% of his tasks to controlling (Stephen Robbins, 2012, p.19). Mr. X rated the need of human skills as ‘5’. These skills are important for managers at all levels (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2012).   Hence, it falls in line and confirms Katz’s theory. However, Mr. X’s rating of the other two skills and the theory related to those seem to be contradicting as he rates technical skills and conceptual skills as very much while according to Katz, a middle level manager is expected to possess moderate amounts of each. Thus, in Mr. X’s case, Fayol’s four functions seem to be evident while Katz’s theory appears to not be relevant to his job description and tasks expected out of him. Managers can manage action directly, they can manage people to encourage then to ta ke necessary actions, and they can manage information to influence the people in turn to take their necessary actions (Mintzberg, 1994). Being a part of a board member, Mr. Y claims that he is involved in a moderate amount of planning (rating of ‘3’), along with, employing the correctly skilled people for a task that is most suitable for them. Mr. Y feels that it is his responsibility, being a senior, to inspire his subordinates and provide them with the recognition that they require to be able to excel in their respective fields. A weekly reporting system is used in Company Y to check through the company’s progress and its employee’s  efficiency and effectiveness. Thus, there is quite a lot of leading and controlling, followed by organising and planning is the least of them all. Fayol’s four functions seem to be in accordance with Mr. Y’s job description except for the function of controlling which, for a top level manager, should be the lowest and in this case it is rated as a ‘5’ (very much). Technical skills are defined as the understanding of, or proficiency in, specific activities that require the use of specialized tools, methods, processes, procedures, techniques, or knowledge (Peterson, 2004). Relating back to Katz’s theory, a top level manager is expected to possess very little of technical skills which contradicts with Mr. Y’s rating of ‘3’ for technical skills. The real performance of the manager is the knowledge base of the manager (Carroll & Gillen, 1987). Being a top level manager, it is generally assumed that Mr. Y should have very much of conceptual skills which will enable him to think outside the box as he also claims that it extremely hard to be creative on demand, which is something that his job requires of him. Conceptual skills are generally thought to be needed more as the level of managing gets higher. Along with this, human skills are also vital for a manager at all levels. These skills allow the manager to train, direct, and evaluate subordinates performing specialized tasks (Peterson, 2004). However, Mr. Y has overrated technical skills and underrated conceptual skills in relation to his job. Hence, this contradicts with the outlined theory and Katz’s skills come across as irrelevant while analyzing Mr. Y’s job. Hence, it can be concluded that Fayol’s functions are more relevant and evident in Mr. Y’s descriptions of his job, as compared to Katz’s theory which is mostly contradicting with the information provided by Mr. Y. Although there is some empirical support for the influence of hierarchical level and functional specialty on managerial role requirements, the influence of these factors on required skills, knowledge, and abilities remains more speculative in nature (Pavett & Lau, 1983). If management is truly a generic principle, then what managers do should be essentially the same whether they are top level executives or low-level supervisors, in a business firm or a non-profit arts organization†¦(Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2012). With advancements in technology and changing ideologies, the traditional definition of an organization is changing along with the traditional definitions of a manager. The roles that  managers play and the expectations that o thers have of them are evolving to reflect new forms of organization (Chapman, 2001). During the past ten years or so, the usefulness of the classical functions for classifying managerial work activities has been questioned by a number of writers (Carroll & Gillen, 1987). Similarities can be observed between the two managers with reference to moderate amounts of planning and organising involved. Both managers also recognized human skills as highly important. These similarities could be due to both the managers being linked with the service sector. On the other hand, there are some evident differences that cannot be ignored. Mr. X requires very much of technical skills and conceptual skills, while Mr. Y needs only a moderate amount of both. No significant difference can be obtained in light of Fayol’s functions. Mintzberg (1980) proposed that differences in managerial work involve the relative importance of the roles across hierarchical level and functional specialty (Lachman, 1985). Hence, these differences are probably due Mr. X being a middle level manager wh ile Mr. Y is a top level one. Also, Mr. X comes from a public sector while Mr. Y relates to a private one. Furthermore, Mr. Y works for a medium sized organization where the need for technical and conceptual skills rises very seldom which is why he rates it so low. On the other hand, Mr. X, working in a large organization rates them higher as the circumstances are different. Managers in both small and large organisations perform essentially the same activities, but how they go about them and the proportion of time they spend on each one are different (Robbins, Bergman, Stagg & Coulter, 2012). Regardless of their level, all managers make decisions and all managers are viewed to be performing the four functions of planning, organising, leading and controlling. However, the time dedicated to any particular function cannot be merely stated as a fact as it tends to vary from manager to manager. After analyzing the interviews, it can be concluded that Fayol’s four functions are found to be relevant in the light of the managers interviewed, but at a varied degree. How relevamt are Katz’s skills? Examining the interviews separately, the skills stated do not seem to support the theory, except for the human skills. Although these skills are defined and explained separately, they will be interrelated when enforced to managerial problems. Therefore, looking at the general overview of the functions and skills, they appear to be the universal guideline for managers  even though the level of importance for each individual function or skills may be different. Reference List Carroll, S., & Gillen, D,. (1987). Are the classical management functions useful in describing managerial work? Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 38-51. Chapman, J.A., (2001). The work of managers in new organisational contexts. Journal of management development, 20(1), 55-68. Hales, C,. (1999). Why do Managers Do What They Do? Reconciling Evidence and Theory in Accounts of Managerial Work. British Journal of Management, 10, 335–350 Lachman, R,. (1985). Public and Private sector differences: CEOS’s Perceptions of their Role Evironments. Academy of Management Journal, 28(3), 671-680. Lamond, D,. (1998). Back to the future: Lessons from the past for a new management era in G. Griffin (Ed.) Management Theory and Practice: Moving to a New Era. MacMillan: Melbourne. 3-14. Lau, A.W., & Pavett, C.M,. (1983). Managerial Work: The Influence of Hierarchical Level and Functional Specialty. Academy of Management Journal, 26(1), 170-177 Peterson, T. (2004). Ongoing legacy of R.L. Katz: an updated typology of management skills, Management Decision. 42(10), 1297-1308. Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I. & Coulter, M. (2012), Management, (6th ed.). Frenchs Forest, NSW, Australia: Pearson Education.

Blood pressure Essay

Blood pressure (BP), sometimes referred to as arterial blood pressure, is the pressureexerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels, and is one of the principal vital signs. When used without further specification, â€Å"blood pressure† usually refers to thearterial pressure of the systemic circulation. During each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure.[1] The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart.[2] Differences in mean blood pressure are responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels. Mean blood pressure decreases as the circulating blood moves away from the heart through arteries and capillaries due to viscous losses of energy. Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and arterioles.[3] Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces (e.g., during standing) and valves in veins, breathing, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins.[2] The measurement blood pressure without further specification usually refers to the systemic arterial pressure measured at a person’s upper arm and is a measure of the pressure in the brachial artery, major artery in the upper arm. A person’s blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure over diastolic pressure and is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg), for example 120/80. The table on the right shows the classification of blood pressure adopted by the American Heart Association for adults who are 18 years and older.[4] It assumes the values are a result of averaging blood pressure readings measured at two or more visits to the doctor.[6][7] In the UK, blood pressures are usually categorised into three groups: low (90/60 or lower), high (140/90 or higher), and normal (values above 90/60 and below 130/80).[8][9] Normal range of blood pressure While average values for arterial pressure could be computed for any given population, there is often a large variation from person to person; arterial pressure also varies in individuals from moment to moment. Additionally, the average of any given population may have a questionable correlation with its general health; thus the relevance of such average values is equally questionable. However, in a study of 100 human subjects with no known history of hypertension, an average blood pressure of 112/64 mmHg was found,[10] which are currently classified as desirable or â€Å"normal† values. Normal values fluctuate through the 24-hour cycle, with highest readings in the afternoons and lowest readings at night.[11][12] Various factors, such as age and sex influence average values, influence a person’s average blood pressure and variations. In children, the normal ranges are lower than for adults and depend on height.[13] As adults age, systolic pressure tends to rise and diastolic tends to fall.[14] In the elderly, blood pressure tends to be above the normal adult range,[15] largely because of reduced flexibility of the arteries. Also, an individual’s blood pressure varies with exercise, emotional reactions, sleep, digestion and time of day. Differences between left and right arm blood pressure measurements tend to be random and average to nearly zero if enough measurements are taken. However, in a small percentage of cases there is a consistent difference greater than 10 mmHg which may need further investigation, e.g. for obstructive arterial disease.[16][17] The risk of cardiovascular disease increases progressively above 115/75 mmHg.[18] In the past, hypertension was only diagnosed if secondary signs of high arterial pressure were present, along with a prolonged high systolic pressure reading over several visits. Regarding hypotension, in practice blood pressure is considered too low only if noticeable symptoms are present.[5] Clinical trials demonstrate that people who maintain arterial pressures at the low end of these pressure ranges have much better long term cardiovascular health. The principal medical debate concerns the aggressiveness and relative value of methods used to lower pressures into this range for those who do not maintain such pressure on their own. Elevations, more commonly seen in older people, though often considered normal, are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Physiology There are many physical factors that influence arterial pressure. Each of these may in turn be influenced by physiological factors, such as diet, exercise, disease, drugs or alcohol, stress, obesity, and so-forth.[20] Some physical factors are: †¢ Volume of fluid or blood volume, the amount of blood that is present in the body. The more blood present in the body, the higher the rate of blood return to the heart and the resulting cardiac output. There is some relationship between dietary salt intake and increased blood volume, potentially resulting in higher arterial pressure, though this varies with the individual and is highly dependent on autonomic nervous system response and the renin-angiotensin system.[21][22][23] †¢ Resistance. In the circulatory system, this is the resistance of the blood vessels. The higher the resistance, the higher the arterial pressure upstream from the resistance to blood flow. Resistance is related to vessel radius (the larger the radius, the lower the resistance), vessel length (the longer the vessel, the higher the resistance), blood viscosity, as well as the smoothness of the blood vessel walls. Smoothness is reduced by the build up of fatty deposits on the arterial walls. Substances called vasoconstrictors can reduce the size of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood pressure. Vasodilators (such as nitroglycerin) increase the size of blood vessels, thereby decreasing arterial pressure. Resistance, and its relation to volumetric flow rate (Q) and pressure difference between the two ends of a vessel are described by Poiseuille’s Law. †¢ Viscosity, or thickness of the fluid. If the blood gets thicker, the result is an increase in arterial pressure. Certain medical conditionscan change the viscosity of the blood. For instance, anemia (low red blood cell concentration), reduces viscosity, whereas increased red blood cell concentration increases viscosity. It had been thought that aspirin and related â€Å"blood thinner† drugs decreased the viscosity of blood, but instead studies found[24] that they act by reducing the tendency of the blood to clot. In practice, each individual’s autonomic nervous system responds to and regulates all these interacting factors so that, although the above issues are important, the actual arterial pressure response of a given individual varies widely because of both split-second and slow-moving responses of the nervous system and end organs. These responses are very effective in changing the variables and resulting blood pressure from moment to moment. Moreover, blood pressure is the result of cardiac output increased by peripheral resistance: blood pressure = cardiac output Xperipheral resistance. As a result, an abnormal change in blood pressure is often an indication of a problem affecting the heart’s output, the blood vessels’ resistance, or both. Thus, knowing the patient’s blood pressure is critical to assess any pathology related to output and resistance. Mean arterial pressure The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average over a cardiac cycle and is determined by the cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and central venous pressure (CVP),[25] Curve of the arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle The up and down fluctuation of the arterial pressure results from the pulsatile nature of thecardiac output, i.e. the heartbeat. The pulse pressure is determined by the interaction of thestroke volume of the heart, compliance (ability to expand) of the aorta, and the resistance to flow in the arterial tree. By expanding under pressure, the aorta absorbs some of the force of the blood surge from the heart during a heartbeat. In this way, the pulse pressure is reduced from what it would be if the aorta wasn’t compliant.[26] The loss of arterial compliance that occurs with aging explains the elevated pulse pressures found in elderly patients. The pulse pressure can be simply calculated from the difference of the measured systolic and diastolic pressures,[26] Arm–leg gradient The arm–leg (blood pressure) gradient is the difference between the blood pressure measured in the arms and that measured in the legs. It is normally less than 10 mmHg,[27] but may be increased in e.g. coarctation of the aorta.[27] Vascular resistance The larger arteries, including all large enough to see without magnification, are conduits with low vascular resistance (assuming no advanced atherosclerotic changes) with high flow rates that generate only small drops in pressure. The smaller arteries and arterioles have higher resistance, and confer the main drop in blood pressure along the circulatory system. Vascular pressure wave Modern physiology developed the concept of the vascular pressure wave (VPW). This wave is created by the heart during the systoleand originates in the ascending aorta. Much faster than the stream of blood itself, it is then transported through the vessel walls to the peripheral arteries. There the pressure wave can be palpated as the peripheral pulse. As the wave is reflected at the peripheral veins, it runs back in a centripetal fashion. When the reflected wave meets the next outbound pressure wave, the pressure inside the vessel rises higher than the pressure in the aorta. This concept explains why the arterial pressure inside the peripheral arteries of the legs and arms is higher than the arterial pressure in the aorta,[28][29][30] and in turn for the higher pressures seen at the ankle compared to the arm with normal ankle brachial pressure index values. Regulation The endogenous regulation of arterial pressure is not completely understood, but the following mechanisms of regulating arterial pressure have been well-characterized: †¢ Baroreceptor reflex: Baroreceptors in the high pressure receptor zones detect changes in arterial pressure. These baroreceptors send signals ultimately to the medulla of the brain stem, specifically to the Rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The medulla, by way of the autonomic nervous system, adjusts the mean arterial pressure by altering both the force and speed of the heart’s contractions, as well as the total peripheral resistance. The most important arterial baroreceptors are located in the left and rightcarotid sinuses and in the aortic arch.[31] †¢ Renin-angiotensin system (RAS): This system is generally known for its long-term adjustment of arterial pressure. This system allows the kidney to compensate for loss in blood volume or drops in arterial pressure by activating an endogenous vasoconstrictorknown as angiotensin II. †¢ Aldosterone release: This steroid hormone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II or high serum potassiumlevels. Aldosterone stimulates sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys. Since sodium is the main ion that determines the amount of fluid in the blood vessels by osmosis, aldosterone will increase fluid retention, and indirectly, arterial pressure. †¢ Baroreceptors in low pressure receptor zones (mainly in the venae cavae and the pulmonary veins, and in the atria) result in feedback by regulating the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin), renin and aldosterone. The resultant increase inblood volume results an increased cardiac output by the Frank–Starling law of the heart, in turn increasing arterial blood pressure. These different mechanisms are not necessarily independent of each other, as indicated by the link between the RAS and aldosterone release. Currently, the RAS is targeted pharmacologically by ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. The aldosterone system is directly targeted by spironolactone, an aldosterone antagonist. The fluid retention may be targeted by diuretics; the antihypertensive effect of diuretics is due to its effect on blood volume. Generally, the baroreceptor reflex is not targeted in hypertensionbecause if blocked, individuals may suffer from orthostatic hypotension and fainting. Measurement A medical student checking blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Arterial pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer, which historically used the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure.[32] Blood pressure values are generally reported in millimetres of mercury (mmHg), though aneroid and electronic devices do not use mercury. For each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between systolic and diastolic pressures. Systolic pressure is peak pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the end of the cardiac cyclewhen the ventricles are contracting. Diastolic pressure is minimum pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are filled with blood. An example of normal measured values for a resting, healthy adult human is 120 mmHgsystolic and 80 mmHg diastolic (written as 120/80 mmHg, and spoken [in the US and UK] as â€Å"one-twenty over eighty†). Systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures are not static but undergo natural variations from one heartbeat to another and throughout the day (in a circadian rhythm). They also change in response to stress, nutritional factors, drugs, disease, exercise, and momentarily from standing up. Sometimes the variations are large. Hypertension refers to arterial pressure being abnormally high, as opposed to hypotension, when it is abnormally low. Along with body temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate, blood pressure is one of the four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and healthcare providers.[33] Measuring pressure invasively, by penetrating the arterial wall to take the measurement, is much less common and usually restricted to a hospital setting. Noninvasive The noninvasive auscultatory and oscillometric measurements are simpler and quicker than invasive measurements, require less expertise, have virtually no complications, are less unpleasant and less painful for the patient. However, noninvasive methods may yield somewhat lower accuracy and small systematic differences in numerical results. Noninvasive measurement methods are more commonly used for routine examinations and monitoring. [edit]Palpation A minimum systolic value can be roughly estimated by palpation, most often used in emergency situations, but should be used with caution.[34] It has been estimated that, using 50% percentiles, carotid, femoral and radial pulses are present in patients with a systolic blood pressure > 70 mmHg, carotid and femoral pulses alone in patients with systolic blood pressure of > 50 mmHg, and only a carotid pulse in patients with a systolic blood pressure of > 40 mmHg.[34] A more accurate value of systolic blood pressure can be obtained with a sphygmomanometer and palpating the radial pulse.[35] The diastolic blood pressure cannot be estimated by this method.[36] The American Heart Association recommends that palpation be used to get an estimate before using the auscultatory method. Auscultatory Auscultatory method aneroid sphygmomanometer with stethoscope Mercury manometer The auscultatory method (from the Latin word for â€Å"listening†) uses a stethoscope and asphygmomanometer. This comprises an inflatable (Riva-Rocci) cuff placed around the upperarm at roughly the same vertical height as the heart, attached to a mercury or aneroidmanometer. The mercury manometer, considered the gold standard, measures the height of a column of mercury, giving an absolute result without need for calibration and, consequently, not subject to the errors and drift of calibration which affect other methods. The use of mercury manometers is often required in clinical trials and for the clinical measurement of hypertension in high-risk patients, such as pregnant women. A cuff of appropriate size is fitted smoothly and snugly, then inflated manually by repeatedly squeezing a rubber bulb until the artery is completely occluded. Listening with the stethoscope to the brachial artery at the elbow, the examiner slowly releases the pressure in the cuff. When blood just starts to flow in the artery, the turbulent flow creates a â€Å"whooshing† or pounding (first Korotkoff sound). The pressure at which this sound is first heard is the systolic blood pressure. The cuff pressure is further released until no sound can be heard (fifth Korotkoff sound), at the diastolic arterial pressure. The auscultatory method is the predominant method of clinical measurement.[37] Oscillometric The oscillometric method was first demonstrated in 1876 and involves the observation of oscillations in the sphygmomanometer cuff pressure[38] which are caused by the oscillations of blood flow, i.e., the pulse.[39] The electronic version of this method is sometimes used in long-term measurements and general practice. It uses a sphygmomanometer cuff, like the auscultatory method, but with an electronic pressure sensor (transducer) to observe cuff pressure oscillations, electronics to automatically interpret them, and automatic inflation and deflation of the cuff. The pressure sensor should be calibrated periodically to maintain accuracy. Oscillometric measurement requires less skill than the auscultatory technique and may be suitable for use by untrained staff and for automated patient home monitoring. The cuff is inflated to a pressure initially in excess of the systolic arterial pressure and then reduced to below diastolic pressure over a period of about 30 seconds. When blood flow is nil (cuff pressure exceeding systolic pressure) or unimpeded (cuff pressure below diastolic pressure), cuff pressure will be essentially constant. It is essential that the cuff size is correct: undersized cuffs may yield too high a pressure; oversized cuffs yield too low a pressure. When blood flow is present, but restricted, the cuff pressure, which is monitored by the pressure sensor, will vary periodically in synchrony with the cyclic expansion and contraction of the brachial artery, i.e., it will oscillate. The values of systolic and diastolic pressure are computed, not actually measured from the raw data, using an algorithm; the computed results are displayed. Oscillometric monitors may produce inaccurate readings in patients with heart and circulation problems, which include arterial sclerosis, arrhythmia, preeclampsia, pulsus alternans, and pulsus paradoxus. In practice the different methods do not give identical results; an algorithm and experimentally obtained coefficients are used to adjust the oscillometric results to give readings which match the auscultatory results as well as possible. Some equipment uses computer-aided analysis of the instantaneous arterial pressure waveform to determine the systolic, mean, and diastolic points. Since many oscillometric devices have not been validated, caution must be given as most are not suitable in clinical and acute care settings. The term NIBP, for non-invasive blood pressure, is often used to describe oscillometric monitoring equipment. Continuous noninvasive techniques (CNAP) Continuous Noninvasive Arterial Pressure (CNAP) is the method of measuring arterial blood pressure in real-time without any interruptions and without cannulating the human body. CNAP combines the advantages of the following two clinical â€Å"gold standards†: it measures blood pressure continuously in real-time like the invasive arterial catheter system and it is noninvasive like the standard upper arm sphygmomanometer. Latest developments in this field show promising results in terms of accuracy, ease of use and clinical acceptance. Non-occlusive techniques: the Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) principle Since the 90s a novel family of techniques based on the so-called Pulse wave velocity (PWV) principle have been developed. These techniques rely on the fact that the velocity at which an arterial pressure pulse travels along the arterial tree depends, among others, on the underlying blood pressure.[40] Accordingly, after a calibration maneuver, these techniques provide indirect estimates of blood pressure by translating PWV values into blood pressure values.[41] The main advantage of these techniques is that it is possible to measure PWV values of a subject continuously (beat-by-beat), without medical supervision, and without the need of inflating brachial cuffs. PWV-based techniques are still in the research domain and are not adapted to clinical settings. White-coat hypertension For some patients, blood pressure measurements taken in a doctor’s office may not correctly characterize their typical blood pressure.[42] In up to 25% of patients, the office measurement is higher than their typical blood pressure. This type of error is calledwhite-coat hypertension (WCH) and can result from anxiety related to an examination by a health care professional.[43] The misdiagnosis of hypertension for these patients can result in needless and possibly harmful medication. WCH can be reduced (but not eliminated) with automated blood pressure measurements over 15 to 20 minutes in a quiet part of the office or clinic.[44] Debate continues regarding the significance of this effect.[citation needed] Some reactive patients will react to many other stimuli throughout their daily lives and require treatment. In some cases a lower blood pressure reading occurs at the doctor’s office.[45] Home monitoring Ambulatory blood pressure devices that take readings every half hour throughout the day and night have been used for identifying and mitigating measurement problems like white-coat hypertension. Except for sleep, home monitoring could be used for these purposes instead of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.[46] Home monitoring may be used to improve hypertension management and to monitor the effects of lifestyle changes and medication related to blood pressure.[6] Compared to ambulatory blood pressure measurements, home monitoring has been found to be an effective and lower cost alternative,[46][47][48] but ambulatory monitoring is more accurate than both clinic and home monitoring in diagnosing hypertension. Ambulatory monitoring is recommended for most patients before the start of antihypertensive drugs.[49] Aside from the white-coat effect, blood pressure readings outside of a clinical setting are usually slightly lower in the majority of people. The studies that looked into the risks from hypertension and the benefits of lowering blood pressure in affected patients were based on readings in a clinical environment. When measuring blood pressure, an accurate reading requires that one not drink coffee, smoke cigarettes, or engage in strenuous exercise for 30 minutes before taking the reading. A full bladder may have a small effect on blood pressure readings; if the urge to urinate arises, one should do so before the reading. For 5 minutes before the reading, one should sit upright in a chair with one’s feet flat on the floor and with limbs uncrossed. The blood pressure cuff should always be against bare skin, as readings taken over a shirt sleeve are less accurate. During the reading, the arm that is used should be relaxed and kept at heart level, for example by resting it on a table.[50] Since blood pressure varies throughout the day, measurements intended to monitor changes over longer time frames should be taken at the same time of day to ensure that the readings are comparable. Suitable times are: †¢ immediately after awakening (before washing/dressing and taking breakfast/drink), while the body is still resting, †¢ immediately after finishing work. Automatic self-contained blood pressure monitors are available at reasonable prices, some of which are capable of Korotkoff’s measurement in addition to oscillometric methods, enabling irregular heartbeat patients to accurately measure their blood pressure at home. Invasive Arterial blood pressure (BP) is most accurately measured invasively through an arterial line. Invasive arterial pressure measurement with intravascular cannulae involves direct measurement of arterial pressure by placing a cannula needle in an artery (usually radial, femoral,dorsalis pedis or brachial). The cannula must be connected to a sterile, fluid-filled system, which is connected to an electronic pressure transducer. The advantage of this system is that pressure is constantly monitored beat-by-beat, and a waveform (a graph of pressure against time) can be displayed. This invasive technique is regularly employed in human and veterinary intensive care medicine, anesthesiology, and for research purposes. Cannulation for invasive vascular pressure monitoring is infrequently associated with complications such as thrombosis, infection, andbleeding. Patients with invasive arterial monitoring require very close supervision, as there is a danger of severe bleeding if the line becomes disconnected. It is generally reserved for patients where rapid variations in arterial pressure are anticipated. Invasive vascular pressure monitors are pressure monitoring systems designed to acquire pressure information for display and processing. There are a variety of invasive vascular pressure monitors for trauma, critical care, and operating room applications. These include single pressure, dual pressure, and multi-parameter (i.e. pressure / temperature). The monitors can be used for measurement and follow-up of arterial, central venous, pulmonary arterial, left atrial, right atrial, femoral arterial, umbilical venous, umbilical arterial, and intracranial pressures. Fetal blood pressure Further information: Fetal circulation#Blood pressure In pregnancy, it is the fetal heart and not the mother’s heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure to drive its blood through the fetal circulation. The blood pressure in the fetal aorta is approximately 30 mmHg at 20 weeks of gestation, and increases to approximately 45 mmHg at 40 weeks of gestation.[51] The average blood pressure for full-term infants: Systolic 65–95 mm Hg Diastolic 30–60 mm Hg[52] Blood pressure is the measurement of force that is applied to the walls of the blood vessels as the heart pumps blood throughout the body.[53] The human circulatory system is 400,000 miles long, and the magnitude of blood pressure is not uniform in all the blood vessels in the human body. The blood pressure is determined by the diameter, flexibility and the amount of blood being pumped through the blood vessel.[53] Blood pressure is also affected by other factors including exercise, stress level, diet and sleep. The average normal blood pressure in the brachial artery, which is the next direct artery from the aorta after the subclavian artery, is 120mmHg/80mmHg. Blood pressure readings are measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) using sphygmomanometer. Two pressures are measured and recorded namely as systolic and diastolic pressures. Systolic pressure reading is the first reading, which represents the maximum exerted pressure on the vessels when the heart contracts, while the diastolic pressure, the second reading, represents the minimum pressure in the vessels when the heart relaxes.[54] Other major arteries have similar levels of blood pressure recordings indicating very low disparities among major arteries. The innominate artery, the average reading is 110/70mmHg, the right subclavian artery averages 120/80 and the abdominal aorta is 110/70mmHg.[55] The relatively uniform pressure in the arteries indicate that these blood vessels act as a pressure reservoir for fluids that are transported within them. Pressure drops gradually as blood flows from the major arteries, through the arterioles, the capillaries until blood is pushed up back into the heart via the venules, the veins through the vena cava with the help of the muscles. At any given pressure drop, the flow rate is determined by the resistance to the blood flow. In the arteries, with the absence of diseases, there is very little or no resistance to blood. The vessel diameter is the most principal determinant to control resistance. Compared to other smaller vessels in the body, the artery has a much bigger diameter (4mm), therefore the resistance is low.[55] In addition, flow rate (Q) is also the product of the cross-sectional area of the vessel and the average velocity (Q = AV). Flow rate is directly proportional to the pressure drop in a tube or in this case a vessel. ∆P ÃŽ ± Q. The relationship is further described by Poisseulle’s equation ∆P = 8 µlQ/Ï€r4.[56] As evident in the Poisseulle’s equation, although flow rate is proportional to the pressure drop, there are other factors of blood vessels that contribute towards the difference in pressure drop in bifurcations of blood vessels. These include viscosity, length of the vessel, and radius of the vessel. Factors that determine the flow’s resistance as described by Poiseuille’s relationship: †¢ ∆P: pressure drop/gradient †¢  µ: viscosity †¢ l: length of tube. In the case of vessels with infinitely long lengths, l is replaced with diameter of the vessel. †¢ Q: flow rate of the blood in the vessel †¢ r: radius of the vessel Assuming steady, laminar flow in the vessel, the blood vessels behavior is similar to that of a pipe. For instance if p1 and p2 are pressures are at the ends of the tube, the pressure drop/gradient is:[57] In the arterioles blood pressure is lower than in the major arteries. This is due to bifurcations, which cause a drop in pressure. The more bifurcations, the higher the total cross-sectional area, therefore the pressure across the surface drops. This is why the arterioles have the highest pressure-drop. The pressure drop of the arterioles is the product of flow rate and resistance: ∆P=Q xresistance. The high resistance observed in the arterioles, which factor largely in the ∆P is a result of a smaller radius of about 30  µm.[58] The smaller the radius of a tube, the larger the resistance to fluid flow. Immediately following the arterioles are the capillaries. Following the logic obvserved in the arterioles, we expect the blood pressure to be lower in the capillaries compared to the arterioles. Since pressure is a function of force per unit area, (P = F/A), the larger the surface area, the lesser the pressure when an external force acts on it. Though the radii of the capillaries are very small, the network of capillaries have the largest surface area in the vascular network. They are known to have the largest surface area (485mm) in the human vascular network. The larger the total cross-sectional area, the lower the mean velocity as well as the pressure.[55] Reynold’s number also affects the blood flow in capillaries. Due to its smaller radius and lowest velocity compared to other vessels, the Reynold’s number at the capillaries is very low, resulting in laminar instead of turbulent flow.[59] The Reynold’s number (denoted NR or Re) is a relationship that helps determine the behavior of a fluid in a tube, in this case blood in the vessel. The equation for this dimensionless relationship is written as:[56] †¢ Ï : density of the blood †¢ v: mean velocity of the blood †¢ L: characteristic dimension of the vessel, in this case diameter †¢ ÃŽ ¼: viscosity of blood The Reynold’s number is directly proportional to the velocity and diameter of the tube. Note that NR is directly proportional to the mean velocity as well as the diameter. A Reynold’s number of less than 2300 is laminar fluid flow, which is characterized by constant flow motion, whereas a value of over 4000, is represented as turbulent flow. Turbulent flow is characterized as chaotic and irregular flow.[56] Disorders Disregulation disorders of blood pressure control include high blood pressure, blood pressure that is too low, and blood pressure that shows excessive or maladaptive fluctuation. High Main article: Hypertension Overview of main complications of persistent high blood pressure. Arterial hypertension can be an indicator of other problems and may have long-term adverse effects. Sometimes it can be an acute problem, for examplehypertensive emergency. All levels of arterial pressure put mechanical stress on the arterial walls. Higher pressures increase heart workload and progression of unhealthy tissue growth (atheroma) that develops within the walls of arteries. The higher the pressure, the more stress that is present and the more atheroma tend to progress and the heart muscle tends to thicken, enlarge and become weaker over time. Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for strokes, heart attacks,heart failure and arterial aneurysms, and is the leading cause of chronic renal failure. Even moderate elevation of arterial pressure leads to shortened life expectancy. At severely high pressures, mean arterial pressures 50% or more above average, a person can expect to live no more than a few years unless appropriately treated.[60] In the past, most attention was paid to diastolic pressure; but nowadays it is recognised that both high systolic pressure and high pulse pressure (the numerical difference between systolic and diastolic pressures) are also risk factors. In some cases, it appears that a decrease in excessive diastolic pressure can actually increase risk, due probably to the increased difference between systolic and diastolic pressures (see the article on pulse pressure). If systolic blood pressure is elevated (>140) with a normal diastolic blood pressure (

Managing Company Ethics and Social Responsibility Essay

L’Oreal is the world’s top cosmetic products manufacturer. In 1907, it was founded by Eugà ¨ne Schueller, a young chemist who developed a hair dye formula which was safe for people. He named the products as â€Å"Aurelià ³ne† and offered to the hair salons in Paris. Within 2 years, he registered his own company as â€Å"La Societe Franeaise des Teintures inoffensives pour Cheveux†, which soon became L’Oreal. In 1920, the company employed 3 chemists in the laboratory. At the end of the year, there were 40000 hair salons in France and L’Oreal new products which are O’Cap, Imà ©dia Liquide, and Coloral gained the most market share. In 1928, L’Oreal developed its diversification strategy by purchasing the soap company Monsavon. L’Oreal started its business with hair dye products. In 1954, L’Oreal expanded its market into skin care field by entering into technological agreements with company Vichy. In 1960s, there was a rapid growing interest in simulating youthful looks. Therefore the company opened new cosmetological and bacteriological facilities to gain a significant entry into skin care, makeup and perfume markets. Companies such as Garnier and Andrà © Courrà ¨ges were added into the group. In 1993, L’Oreal was facing some ethics problems. The animal right activists were about to protest about the use of animal testing that was doing by L’Oreal. As a top manufacturer of cosmetic products, L’Oreal intended to maintain its good reputation and image by ending the activity of animal testing. In 2006, L’Oreal purchased the Body Shop and the consumers were making calls to boycott The Body Shop since the rumour of using animal testing of L’Oreal were stated. In 2011, L’Oreal will have the largest factory in Indonesia by investing US$50 million. Nowadays, the company markets over 500 brands and has more than 2,000 products in every category in the beauty business. From hair colour products, the company expanded its product lines to permanents, styling aids, cleaners, perfumes and body cosmetics. Those products were distributed through different distribution channels, from hair salons and perfumeries to hypermarkets, supermarkets, and health and beauty outlets. They also distributed their products through direct mails and promoted the products hardly via advertising. Communication with the consumers played an important role in L’Oreal’s history. L’Oreal won the Oscar in advertising award in 1953. To promote its products, L’Oreal commissioned the promotional posters from graphic artists such as Colin and Loupot. The founder also launched his own women’s magazine, Votre Beautà © in 1933. L’Oreal’s five ethical values are integrity, respect, excellent, courage, transparent and currency. Those ethical values play important role in shaping L’Oreal’s culture and built its reputation and give them a shared vision. L’Oreal sees the importance of ethics and presents the five ethical values in all aspect of their activities, such as their strong Sustainable Development and Diversity policies, Purchasing Department’s responsible sourcing policy and their high standard of product quality and safety. According to L’Oreal’s official website (www.loreal.com), ethics is everyone’s job that two ethical competencies that have been integrated into their annual appraisal process, which are â€Å"Leads with human sensitivity† and â€Å"Achieve results with integrity†. In order to implement The L’Oreal Spirit in employees’ day-to day activities, L’Oreal has conducted The Code of Business Ethics in 2000. To highlight the importance of this document, L’Oreal’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer signed the foreword and the Executive Committee signed the introduction. Each employee also receives a copy of this document to apply in their day-to day activities. CONTENTS Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to the fact that board of directors of a company, as the trustees of various interest parties that actively participate in altruist activities in order to perform their due corporate roles in the society according to Liu Jun Hai, (1999); for those profit-oriented companies, when their decision making bodies become certain that some undertakings are mostly desired by the majority of the society should give up their intent of making profits from the undertakings and try to meet the expectations of the majority according to Liu Lian Yu (1999) ; the fact that companies shall not take optimal-profit-making for directors as the sole aim of corporate existence. Instead, all social benefits rather than maximally improving shareholders’ interests should be considered as the sole objective of corporate existence according to Liu Jun Hai, (1999) ; the social obligation that a company has to be liable to in the maintenance and improvem ent of social benefits in addition to the pursuit of maximizing shareholders profits was according to Lu Dai Fu (2002) ; even though the description of CSR varies, the core of it is similar, i.e. a company should undertake certain social responsibilities and liabilities at the same time of making profits for the company. CSR is an integration of legal and moral obligations of a company. Legal obligation, a statutory liability taking state coercive forces as its performance guarantee, means legal security of minimum requirement of morality necessary to maintain basic social order. Moral obligation is a responsibility non-legalized and voluntarily performed by the obligors and which takes any other means than the state coercive forces as its performing guarantee. It is a higher demand of morality on people above their legal obligations. CSR, as an obligation that a company is liable to the society, is not simply a legal obligation or a moral obligation. Rather, it is the integration of the two. CSR is also an amendment and complement to the conventional principle of maximized profits for shareholders. The conventional companies and company laws take individual principals (shareholders) as the starting point for consideration, believing that the highest or the sole objective of a company is to achieve profits in order to maximize the profits for shareholders whereas CSR takes social principals as its starting point, believing that the objective of a company should be of two dimensions. In addition to realizing the maximum profits for shareholders, companies should also strive to maintain and upgrade social benefits. Any single one of the objectives will have to be put under restriction by the other of the two corporate objectives to achieve maximum corporate profits and social benefits. Therefore, the objectives of making profits and of bringing social benefits are often found in strong tension. Their respective objectives of maximization are realized under conditions of rec iprocal interactions and a balance in corporate objectives has also been maintained. Obviously, CSR is an amendment and complement to the conventional principle of maximized profits for shareholders. And this amendment and complement does not reject the principle of maximizing profits for shareholders according to Lu Dai Fu (2002). L’Oreal aspires to beauty to everyone. Helping men and women around the world realise that aspiration and express their individual personalities and gain self-confidence to the full is their main mission. There are some of missions from L’Oreal are its unique Research arm enables it to continually explore new territories and invent the products of the future and also provide access to products that enhance well-being, mobilising its innovative strength to preserve the beauty of the planet and supporting local communities which means beauty is commitment which are exacting challenges which are a source of inspiration and creativity for L’Oreal. This commitment has been reflected in innovation that caters for the world’s diversity and adheres to eco-friendly design principles without compromising consumer safety. Mission is an essential purpose that differentiates one company from others that gives so much meanings and values to their business and to the wor king lives of the employees and they are proud of their works. L’Oreal’s strategy for leadership which is the process of leading a group and influencing that group to achieve its goals (Robbins, DeCenzo, and Coulter, 8th edition) that is based on continuous investment in rigorous scientific research and development as a business. This enables their brands to deliver products which are innovative which is the process of taking a creative idea and turning it into useful product, service, or method of operation (Robbins, DeCenzo, and Coulter, 8th edition), highly effective which means doing right things, or completing activities so that organisational goals are attained (Robbins, DeCenzo, and Coulter, 8th edition), practical and pleasant to use, and which are manufactured to the most demanding standards of quality and safety. They also constantly challenge themselves and their methods by aiming excellence. L’Oreal’s research work is taking its investments onto new scientific and technological ground. In the field of biol ogy for example, the genomics explosion, progress in stem cell research and intensive use of multiple reconstructed skin models are giving us a clearer understanding of the diversity of the aging mechanisms at play in different ethnic skin and hair types, while enabling us to identify new cellular and molecular targets and to predict effects more quickly and accurately. They place great value on honesty and clarity: their consumer advertising is based on proven performance and scientific data. They are committed to building strong and lasting relationships with their customers and suppliers, founded on trust which is belief in the integrity, character, and ability of a leader and mutual benefit. Followers who trust a leader are willing to be vulnerable to the leader’s actions as they are confident that their rights and interests will not be abused. (Robbins, DeCenzo, and Coulter, 8th edition) They do business with integrity: they respect the laws of the countries in which they operate and adhere to good corporate governance practices. They maintain high standards in accounting and reporting, and support the fight against corruption. They deliver long-term, sustained shareholder value by protecting and making the most effective use of company assets. L’Oreal aim to make a great place in which to work as an employer. They know that their employees are their greatest assets. They are entitled to a safe and healthy working environment: one in which personal talent and merit are recognised, diversity is valued, privacy is respected, and the balance between professional and personal life is taken into account. They believe in offering their employees a stimulating environment, exciting personal opportunities and a chance to make a difference. They encourage an atmosphere of openness, courage, generosity and respect, so that all their employees feel free to come forward with their questions, ideas and concerns. As a responsible corporate citizen, they play their part in creating a world of beauty and fairness. They are mindful of their impact on the natural environment, including biodiversity, and constantly seek to reduce it: they are determined to avoid compromising tomorrow for the sake of today. They make a positive contribution to the countries and communities in which they are present and respect local cultures and sensitivities. They are committed to the respect of human rights. They want to help end the exploitation of children in the workplace and the use of forced labour. They also want an end to animal testing in their industry, and they contribute to the development and acceptance of alternative methods. They actively seek out and favour business partners who share their values and their ethical commitments. This is the spirit in which L’Oreal operates: the L’ORÉAL SPIRIT. L’Oreal brands are divided into consumer brands, professional brands, and luxury brands. Consumer brands are L’Oreal Paris, Garnier, Maybelline New York, Softsheen.Carson, CCB Paris, Vichy, La Roche Posay, Innà ©ov, Skinceuticals, Sanoflore, Roger & Gallet. Professional brands are L’Oreal Professional, Kà ©rastase, Redken, Matrix, Mizani, Pureology, and Shu Uemura Art of Hair. Luxury brands are Lancà ´me, Biotherm, Helena, Rubinstein, Kiehl’s, Shu Uemura, Giorgio Armani, Ralph Lauren, Cacharel, Viktor & Rolf, Diesel, YSL Beautà ©, and Maison Martin Margiela. While retailer is The Body Shop. In 2009, L’Oreal published a report on its sustainable practices, which repeated the claim that it does not test finished products on animals. The problem is that as one of the world’s biggest cosmetics firms, much of its work is in the development of new ingredients for its products, and it is here that Naturewatch’s problems arise. EU legislation actually demands that all new cosmetic ingredients be tested on animals, although from 2009 onwards it has been working with cosmetics firms to eradicate the use of animal testing by 2013. ‘L’Oreal has not used animals to test its finished products since 1989, except in the case where national legislation requires it,’ the cosmetics giant said in its sustainability report. ‘This is the case in certain countries where L’Oreal operates and in those locations regulations require testing using animals before substances can be registered for commercial use. As L’Oreal operates on an international scale, it is obliged to comply with the current national legislation for products that are manufactured locally and sold locally.’ L’Oreal argues that it is a world leader in researching alternatives to animal testing, including the development of artificial tissue on which it has spent â‚ ¬600m to date. It is also a founder member of the European Partnership for Alternatives to Animal Testing and closely involved in the international Tox Cast initiative which is run by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Rather than a cruel advocate of animal testing, it is in fact fully engaged In attempting to make the practice obsolete. The owner of one ethical skincare firm told the Ecologist that companies like L’Oreal do face a tough set of choices; either innovate in order to maintain their market share, or use existing ingredients and allow less ethical competitors to launch new products, or continue developing within the limits of regional legislation. Smaller producers can simply find green or ethical ways to produce established ingredients. Few ethical firms could afford to pay for the necessary research on artificial tissues that L’Oreal has done, he adds – at current exchange rates, â‚ ¬600m is not far off the  £652m it paid for The Body Shop in 2007. If you do decide that L’Oreal and Nestlà © are acting in an unethical manner then the next big question is: should brands like The Body Shop or Pureology be punished for the sins of the parent company? The founders of both firms have strong ethical principles, and sold their companies so that their message could reach a wider market, making it a tough choice in both cases. Buying their products may line the pockets of their L’Oreal and Nestlà © paymasters, but by buying from The Body Shop, which does not test any of its products on animals, or vegan Pureology, you could also be sending a message to the guys at the top: more of the good ethical products, less of the morally questionable. Given that many big corporations are now spending more and more on big, ethical brands – Coca Cola, for example, now owns the UK’s Innocent, while another US giant, Kraft, has Green and Blacks chocolate – this is a problem which is unlikely to go away for the ethic al consumer any time soon.

Assignment 01 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

01 - Assignment Example If teachers lack protection and hence start being fired regularly, the students’ learning process will be disrupted. They will take time adopting and warming up to a new teacher. They will also be insecure to get close to the teachers in case they are fired and this will affect their psychological well-being. The judge let emotions take the center stage in the ruling and not fully acted on the evidence presented. I do not refute that some of the teachers are ineffective but ruling based on only 1-3% of the teachers is seemingly unfair and unjust to the teachers themselves bearing in mind over 90% of them are effective ones (Blume and Ceasar, 2014). The judge should have been more objective in his ruling. A child’s right to education is important but so is the child’s right to happiness and peace of mind which will not be the case if the teachers are constantly being fired hence disrupting the education of the students. Innocent teachers will be negatively affected by the end of the tenure and they are the majority ones. The ruling should have ensured a middle ground to accord the good teachers’ appreciation. A child’s life is not dependent 100% on school life and hence the private life at home and with friends may also contribute to his or her performance. By having the teachers take all the blame for the failure of the students is an ignorance of the other life outside school children have. Whether a teacher can be fired or not is not directly related to a child’s life outside of school. The court failed to consider this side of the argument. I think that after the courts and educators who supported the court’s ruling finally realize that the teacher’s tenure did not have everything to do with the learning and performance outcome of students; they will finally revisit this case and ruling and realize the

Need a marketing plan outline- daycare owner and operating business Essay

Need a marketing plan outline- daycare owner and operating business - Essay Example o one of their major undoing is the fact that it targets even the low earning or poor consumers by producing as low as one hundred and fifty liters which cost very little. The products have been moving at a faster rate and consumers really like it. The Softer Company has a very wide target market as it satisfies the needs for various consumers that range from those that are healthy diet conscious or concerned through Died Softer to the average individual via its best selling drink called Peck. Most products of the Softer Company satisfy all the age groups since it is proven that several individuals of different age groups actually consume the Softer product. Softer has a long standing commitment to the protection of the consumers whose confidence and trust in its products is the basis and backbone of its success. For the purposes of ensuring that consumers are updated on the global quality of all the products of Softer that are sold, the products have a seal of quality assurance. Softer consumers are purchasing a wide range or variety of soft drinks. They buy one product line or another due to the high quality and standards of products produced by the company. The company also provides complaint phone service and help line for clients who are not contended with the product or even would like to give feedback or comment on the products. This is the process of the creation of the image that is held by the product in the customers’ mind, relative to the competing products. Both Softer and Afia make soft drinks; however, even though Afia might attempt to compete, we find that they will still be considered as lower market from Softer. Positioning assists clients in understanding what is unique or exceptional about the products in comparison with the competition (Kerin & Peterson, 2007). The company uses the Individual brand strategy in marketing since its major products have their own brand names. The products operate under the same brand name of Softer, although

Describing Some Special Interest, Significant Experience, or Personal Statement

Describing Some Special Interest, Significant Experience, or Achievement Relevant - Personal Statement Example Also, I convinced business owners to do their part by placing their business name on donation bags as part of their business promotion campaign. This idea was very well received and as a result of it, many ordinary members also decided to contribute in the form of a cash gift. 2. Knowledge or creativity in a field: Describe any of your special interests and how you have developed knowledge in these areas. Give examples of your creativity: the ability to see alternatives; take diverse perspectives; come up with many, varied, or original ideas; or willingness to try new things. I have been interested in economics from a very young age. I was encouraged by my grandparents to open up a cow-house. This was a great experience until Korea struck a new Free Trade Agreements with the United States. This caused livestock prices to fall and the whole sector experienced to slowdown. I was fascinated by the way that this FTA affected the Korean economy in different ways and this made me reflect more on economics, including factors like limited capital and external changes. I learned to recognize market and economic trends and this helped to develop my creativity in terms of economics and its related fields. 3. Dealing with adversity: Describe the most significant challenge you have faced and the steps you have taken to address this challenge. Include whether you turned to anyone in facing that challenge, the role that person played, and what you learned about yourself. Working a part-time job is not easy. I experienced some difficulties with one particular supervisor. He was very critical of my work. The more he tried to hassle me at work, the tougher and stronger I became. I was not going to let him treat me like an idiot. I turned to my senior co-workers and begged them to train me so that our supervisor could never find a reason to pick on me. I was able to prove that I could do the job and much more.  Ã‚  

Diversity and Difference in Early Childhood Education Research Proposal - 3

Diversity and Difference in Early Childhood Education - Research Proposal Example Reflective thoughts about the theories as observed in our daily lives are but one of the methods we are going to use in dissecting what the theories present to our modern world. Whether the theory holds true today or not, if it is of an essence to the modern educator or not needs to be seen as we go along our discussion. I also wish to present an analytical report where we could compare and contrast some of the theories as opposed to practices that we experience. It is the aim of this paper to give a clear understanding of the theories presented by Robinson and Diaz through discussion and examples as well as through the use of other references that could help give light to the issue. In effect, I will be adding some of my personal experiences which may be not worth noting, yet I believe would reveal the reflective side of me. Basically, we will be attacking the issue in different ways as the issue presents diverse angles that we need to look into. The earliest teachings could have started during the beginning of time when the first man and woman were created and were given the instructions of what to do (Genesis 1:28-29). Perhaps the how of teaching was first recorded in Deuteronomy 11:19 when Moses gave instructions to the Israelites to teach their children about the laws of God by talking about them when you sit at home and when you walk along the road, when you lie down and when you get up and also by writing them on the doorframes of your houses and on your gates (New International Version). This kind of educational system has been largely seen in the early eras as no formal education was set for the early people to follow which eventually affected at large the education of modern learners.

German Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

German - Essay Example France recorded its objection to the relative of King of Prussia, Wilhelm I becoming the King of Spain. Bismarck’s plans to make the French humiliated worked well and to avenge the insult France declared war. Majority of the countries supported Bismarck and dubbed Napoleon III as the aggressor. This war united the German States for a common cause to defeat France. The Germans had the advantage of infrastructure. Mentioning about the industrial mite of Germany Geoffrey Wawro writes, â€Å"France gaped in astonishment. Almost overnight, a rather small and manageable neighbor had become an industrial and military colossus.†(17) They had developed an efficient railway system, felicitating quick transport of men and material and an efficient telegraph system for communications. On August 4, the Prussian army entered the French territory, and in the next four weeks they had won the war. The day was 1st September when Germans Captured Napoleon III and 100,000 of French troops. Soon the siege of Paris commenced. The war came to end with the signing of armistice with Germany on January 28, 1871 and finally the Treaty of Frankfurt in the month of May, the same year. The economic unification of Germany was followed by political unification. France lost both on political and economic fronts. They had to concede a large chunk of their territory Alsace and Lorraine to Germany besides $1,000,000,000 as indemnity payable within three

Manufacturer Brief Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Manufacturer Brief - Case Study Example Number of employees: According to the data as at 2013, the company has an approximate of 2,000 employees. The number of employees has been increasing for the last five years an indication that the company is growing. Annual revenue: The Company’s annual revenue is approximated to be $150 million. According to the world’s statistic, the company’s revenue has been increasing with 2 per cent for the last seven years. Recent news release: The Company introduced four digital TLM 103D microphones for vocal applications building. The microphones have a little self-generated noise. They also have a clear sound transmission that is clearly heard at a distance. The Company’s interaction with its clients: The Company has an active interaction with its customers. Through the company’s website, clients can submit their proposals and complaints. More so, the company has created a page in social media like Facebook. The created page enables the company to market itself and also to receive customers’ opinions. It has helped the Company produce microphones that meet the customers’ tastes and

Entrepreneurial Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Entrepreneurial Leadership - Research Paper Example Social entrepreneurs are resourceful, innovative, and results oriented. Dr. Jordan Kassalow is a superb example of social oriented entrepreneur. Dr. Kassalow is the CEO and Founder of Vision Spring. Also, he is the founder and co-founder of the Global Health Policy Program Scojo New York respectively. His social entrepreneurship skills started back in 1984 when he volunteered to treat and help patients in rural Mexico (Kassalow, 1991). Seventeen years later, he formed a non-profit organization called Vision Spring. Vision Spring has sold almost six hundred thousand pairs of reading glasses in seven different countries. In the last year, Vision Spring gathered an annual income of $290,000 and still was on charitable donations. In 2010, they amassed $ 1700000. Three years later, he combined forces with a global microfinance organization called BRAC, in Bangladesh. BRAC has an eighty thousand strong sales force of women, who got hired to sell baskets of Band-Aids and Aspirin. Kassalow figured out on how to use the sales force to help him sell reading glasses, which in the process would help him save money on administrative and training costs. In the same year, Vision Spring sold ninety thousand pairs of glasses, but he still got losses. In the following year, Vision Spring sold two hundred and one thousand pairs bust made losses, which would now force Vision Spring to sell millions of pairs of reading glasses to break even (Stephen, 2008). A good example of a profit oriented entrepreneur is the late Steven Paul. Steve was an American businessman, inventor and designer. He was the chief executive officer, chairman, and a co-founder of Apple Inc (Brashares, 2001). He was also the chief executive officer and a co-founder of Pixar Animation Studios. In 2006, The Walt Disney Company acquired Pixar, and he became a member of Disney board of

Blue Zuma Project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Blue Zuma Project - Term Paper Example Project Duration After adjusting the work timings and holidays of the project employees as well as the activities along with their relationships, it is estimated that the project would take two hundred and fifty (250) days for completion. The project would be completed on 22nd December 2008, as shown in the following snapshot. Critical Path of the Project The critical path of the project consists of the activities that include: (2) Market analysis, (3) Product design, (5) Product design selection, (8) Detailed Product design, (9) Test prototype, (10) Finalized product design, (12) Order production equipment, (13) Install production equipment and (14) Celebrate. Greatest Slack Time The greatest slack time is one hundred and fifty nine (159) of the activity named â€Å"Detailed Marketing Plan†. Network Sensitivity The network of the project titled â€Å"Blue Zuma† is not very sensitive, as there is free slack available that ranges from twenty (20) days (Manufacturing Proc ess) to one hundred and fifty nine (159) days (Detailed Marketing Plan), moreover, there is only one critical path of the project. Milestones The first sensible milestone of the project could be achieved after successfully completion of the activities that include: the Market Analysis, Product Design and Product Design Selection. The second milestone could be achieved by completing the activities that include: the Detailed Product Design, Test Prototype and Final Product Design. The milestone is represented with a diamond symbol as shown in the following snapshot. A comparison of Advantages and Disadvantages of the Schedule Table and Gantt Chart The Schedule table as a network diagram could be utilized to review the critical path of the project as well as the Early Start date, Early Finish date, Late Start date and Late Finish date of the activities as well as the project. One of the disadvantages of the network diagram is that it does not show the resource allocation of the activit ies. Whereas, the Gantt chart could be utilized to view the work breakdown structure or activity dependencies along with the activity start and finish time. The disadvantage of the Gantt chart is that it does not show the critical path and the predecessor as clearly as compared to the network diagram. Gantt chart - Snapshot Network Diagram – Snapshot Schedule Table showing ES, EF, LS, LF and Slack – Snapshot Part 2 – Resource Allocation Over Allocated Resources The four resources have been over-allocated in the project, the resources include: the Marketing Specialists, Design Engineers, Industrial Engineers and Purchasing Agent. In the following snapshot, the red color resources are over-allocated. Activities involving Over-Allocated Resources The Gantt chart has capabilities to show the activities which have resources that are over-allocated. Therefore, after reviewing the Gantt chart it has been found that there are three (3) activities having over-allocated r esources that include: the Detailed Marketing Plan, Detailed Product Design and Install Production Equipment. Over-Allocated Resources Levelling Within Slack After levelling the over-allocated resources within the slack (20 days, 159 days, 30 days etc.,) the two of the over-allocated resources named Marketing Specialists and Purchasing Agent have been regularized. However, still there are two over-allocated resources include: the Design Engineers and the Industrial Engine

Strategic Marketing Planningfor SMEs in Zimbabwe Dissertation

Strategic Marketing Planningfor SMEs in Zimbabwe - Dissertation Example When it was termed that the strategic planning was not feasible, practitioners might want to emphasise short term planning for SMEs in Zimbabwe. Further, the findings for the case of SMEs in Zimbabwe could provide a basis for further study on the implications of strategic planning for other developing countries, and for countries in similar economic and political conditions to Zimbabwe. Acknowledgement I am greatly indebted to my dissertation supervisor, Professor David Crick, who has constantly provided me with his support, encouragement, and guidance. Declaration I, Charles Mudekunye, declare that all information in this project has been compiled by me. Any quoting is stated as so, and when references are made to previous work, they appear as references at the end of the report. No part of this dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification from the university or any other institute of learning. Charles Mudekunye19th September 2006 Table of Contents Abstract 1 Acknowledgement 2 Declaration 3 Table of Contents... The review, analysis, discussion and case studies in the paper conclude that the strategic planning is necessary for the success of SMEs. Too much of it can also result in non-productive situations in the environment like Zimbabwe. The reason is that the long-term strategic planning cannot be applicable for the situation in the Zimbabwe. The reason is that the inflation and interest rates are changing sometimes on a quarterly basis. The market availability for the majority of the businesses was less and this restricts the use of strategic planning. The SMEs are finding tough to get funds in the form of loans as the lending rates are higher. These higher lending rates can come down when the inflation comes down and government decreases internal borrowings. So this lapse cannot be addressed immediately and can be solved in the course of time as the agricultural production increases and people spend less on agriculture and find enough money to spend on other goods. This study makes a conclusion that the prevailing inflation is capable of restricting the majority of the people to spend money on the things other than food, clothing, and housing. As the market was absent, the banks and financial institutions are also not finding enough businesses to lend their money. This, in turn, was resulting in nonavailability of the funds for low interest. The government should not budge to these types of pressures and must encourage the domestic industry to increase the production, which is capable of increasing the value of the ZWD.

Information Security Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Information Security - Term Paper Example Based on the nature of the information, we can classify information into two board categories; private and public. Public information are open to anybody since it may not cause any harm to the public and hence it is not necessary to protect it whereas private information are intended for a specific group of people and hence it should be protected from unauthorized use. Private information can be manipulated, modified or misused in many ways for personal gains and such manipulations may cause immense problems to others and hence it is necessary to protect it from unauthorized use. Most of the current organizations store their information on computers. Staff details, client lists, salaries, bank account details, marketing and sales information etc are currently stored in the computers. If this volatile or sensitive information come in the hands of the competitors, an organization may suffer a lot. So, most of the organizations are currently spend enormous amount of money for information security. This paper briefly analyses the necessity of information security in modern organizations. Computers, peripherals and networks are essential equipments in modern organizations for the communication and data/information storing purposes. No organization can survive in the current world without using computers and internet. But the major disadvantage in using computers for storing information is the possibility of leakage confidential information. There are people who accepted hacking as their main revenue source and they are capable of breaking the firewalls created for the protection of the information stored in a computer. It is easy for a hacker to break the firewalls and plant viruses inside a computer apart from taking out all the information he or she wants. Earlier information security solutions mainly focused on preventing the external threats. But currently organizations realized that internal threat is as important as the

The marriage group in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer Essay

The marriage group in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer - Essay Example Most tales began with a prologue which told of the narrator’s personal feelings and experience. These included, among other things, marriage. Following this, the story teller would relate a cautionary tale about the fickleness of the opposite sex. Two of these narrations were chosen, on from the perspective of a woman, Alice, the Wife of Bath, and one from the perspective of a male, the Merchant. The Wyves Tale of Bathe (The Wife of Bath) The Wife of Bath called herself Alyson or Alys. She considered herself an authority on marriage, having had five husbands by the time of the pilgrimage. Her story speaks of the social and legal position of women in the late 14th century. The Wife of Bath was married at twelve years of age. Alys felt that marriage was a misery. Over drinks she told the Pardoner that two of her husbands were bad, and three were good. The three good husbands were rich and old. They soon died, and their land and money became hers. Alys complained that people crit icized her for having had so many husbands. The critics would use the scriptures as their authority, stating that Jesus only attended one wedding in the gospels, and this indicated that a person only married once. Alys felt that when God told people to multiply, he did not put a limit on how many times a person could marry. She used Solomon, Abraham and Jacob as examples of men who had many wives, all at the same time, so why would it be wrong for her to have multiple husbands. At least she only had one at a time. Alys agreed that some people may prefer to remain virginal, but that was not for her. The purpose of having genitals was to have sex. Why shouldn’t she take advantage of that? Everyone has the right to make his or her own choice. However, although under Canon law, man was the master over the woman, Alys knew how to have power over the husband. She used sex as a means to control the old, rich ones, knowing if she satisfied them, they would buy her pretty things. Sex and the ability to provide her husband with heirs was the main power of women in the oppressive view of the time. Alys told how she controlled her husbands by turning their arguments against them, until the husband is convinced he is in the wrong. She felt that women were better at lying and swearing then men, and that there would always be a maid or family member to vouch for her. The wife related how oppressive she found the relationship between men and women. The scriptures were used as a means to give men the right to rule over women. She preferred to use logic. When her husband would accuse her of infidelity, she would ask him what he was doing talking to the woman who was accusing her of wrong-doing. Maybe he was the one cheating. If her husband accused her of being less attractive and outgoing than the neighbor, she told him it was because she didn’t have anything decent to wear, making it his fault for not being as good a provider. Alys scoffed at men for accusing her of hiding her true personality until after she had married them. Men argued that they had the opportunity to try out oxen, horses and household furnishings before they were bought, and they should be able to try out a wife before marriage. Only after marriage does she let her vices show. She felt that men were jealous and insecure, especially when the wife was attractive. They had her spied on, and accused her of trying to attract the attention of other men. Alys felt she couldn’

The challenges of doing business in China and Vietnam Term Paper

The challenges of doing business in China and Vietnam - Term Paper Example The global marketplace that has no borders takes into consideration the participation of all countries. Several changes are occurring in the global scenario, more with the enhancement of communications and technology (Understanding the Global Marketing Environment, n.d., pp.4-8). Several political, social, economic and technological implications arise owing to the changes and developments in the modern business world. These factors play a major role in the international marketing. The changes and developments are eventually encountered by all marketers who face the challenges in their operations in the â€Å"global business environment†. Changes in the international market reveal the emergence of newer sources of power in Brazil, China, India and Russia. The economic development seems to be shifting towards a restricted and impartial direction engaging itself in global businesses. New customers are also emerging with higher needs and demands with increasing competition among businesses. Indistinct boundaries of industries are causing deregulation in the business world. There are frequent changes in the use of technology accompanied by the emergence of greater service sectors than manufacturing as well as increasing transparency of business practices. C onsidering all the business benefits and obstacles, this report would primarily focus on the challenges of doing business in China and Vietnam. ... Entering a Global Market: Key Areas of Concern: The essential issues needed to be taken into consideration before entering a global market include Culture, Government, Economy, Infrastructure, and Relationships. As the report focuses on the businesses in China and Vietnam, these key areas are discussed in the context of China and Vietnam. Culture: The exchange of goods and services and other expertise among different countries tend to increase globalization reflecting increasing interdependence in the economy. Universal culture arises from particular groups of individuals in the different countries involved in different businesses. These cultural issues include the values and practices followed in a business (Leung, Bhagat, Buchan, Erez & Gibson, 2005, pp.358-359). Culture in China is known for its â€Å"orderly, hierarchical and control-based society† with the Chinese people being â€Å"patient, eager to learn, respectful and accepting of authority† (McKern & Denend, 2 004). If the culture practices in China are studied, it can be observed that China has its own â€Å"unique business culture and etiquette† (Chinese Culture, n.d.). Business relationships in China mostly involve a social relationship that tends to remain for a longer period of time. They give high importance to designations. Giving appropriate respect is a very important notion followed by the Chinese companies. Gifts and presents are always esteemed and accepted as adding value to the relationships. Moreover, business discussions in China generally include a lunch or a dinner that are highly focused in China (Chinese Culture, n.d.). The Chinese business can be found to maintain corporate social responsibility that is particularly focused on the human issues, scientific development, and harmony in

Criminal Data and Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Criminal Data and Statistics - Essay Example Hence, it is a credible gadget to have a firm grip on accountability and keep a track of the different important players that are concerned with the justice system concerning the criminals of our society. The sector of criminal data and statistics should only be utilized for the sake of the safety of the society also provides the security practitioners to develop their agenda, implement it and quantify the initiatives taken by the social crime deterrence activities. The data of these criminal related activities need to be precise and very accurate as it helps the lawmakers, stakeholders, crime prevention authorities, defence-related forces etc. to function on the basis of their records. If these records have the minutest flaw it will eventually damage the productivity and can cause an inappropriate action towards the crime issues. Furthermore, in the year 2006, the British Home Office scrutinized the United Kingdoms crime records for the following reason: it was observed that the people had lost faith in the British Home office for its inefficiency and for not being able to produce qualitative results. Their productivity has backfired drastically so as that it is no more possible to h ave an argument on the other criminal justice related laws. The trend in crime has changed and variations need to be made. The home secretary condemns this and therefore wants the policies to be made in such a manner that the level of productivity increases and hence the trust of the people is redeemed. (Crime Hub) Thus without having precise criminal records, data and statistics the result of the policies that govern this system is pretty useless. One should not completely rely on this criminal records as alone they cant give the answers but eventually they do help and look after them within the city and outside the city crime activities and give initiatives to develop prevention to such crimes. The crime data obtained is used for various things and serves a lot of purposes. The major work of the acquired criminal data is used by law enforcing agencies I order to form budgets, plan, allot various resources, and scrutinizing various police operational activities.